PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean	Late Pliocene	Villanyian		Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean	Early Pliocene						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian					7.246
							Vallesian					8.7
					Tunggurian		Vallesian					11.1
		Serravallian			Tunggurian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian					11.63
		Langhian			Shanwangian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian					13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian	Early Miocene	Orleanian					15.98
					Xiejiaan		Orleanian					16.9
							Agenian					20
		Aquitanian					Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian								247.2
		Induan										251.2
		Induan	Kathwai									251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai									251.902
												252.4 *
			Chhidru									252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein		Longtanian †		254.14
			Kalabagh									255 *
			Wargal									256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
											265.3 *
			Amb								266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		504.5
												509