PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Salt Range	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America				European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian															MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian															MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean															MN 15	3.6
																			MN 14	4.2
																			MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian															MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian						Pannonian									MN 12	7.246
																			MN 11	7.75
																			MN 10	8.7
																			MN 9	9.7
																			MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian						Sarmatian									MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian						Badenian									MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian															MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian															MN 4	15.98
																			MN 3	16.9
																			MN 2	20
				Aquitanian															MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian															MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian														100.5
						Middle Albian														106.2 *
						Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian		Late Aptian														113
				Aptian		Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
						Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
						Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
				Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
				Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian		Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian		Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian														174.7
						Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
						Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	254.14
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
						265.3 *
					Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb	266.9
			Roadian			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
						Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
						Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
Tremadocian			477.7							Tulean
			Stairsian	480.3 *
			Skullrockian	Demingian †						482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian	Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10		Niuchehean											487.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian		Paibian											494
		Paibian		Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian					494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian		Drumian						Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian	Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635