PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean		Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan					3.6
				Montehermosan					3.7 *
				Huayquerian		Baodean			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
				Chasicoan					7.9 *
				Mayoan					9.9 *
				Laventan					10.9 *
						Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian							11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran		Shanwangian			13.82
		Langhian		Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian					15.98
				Santacrucian					16.2 *
				Santacrucian		Xiejiaan			16.9
				Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian							37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican					56
				Itaboraian					56.9 *
				Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes					259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian					283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		438.5		Adavere
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		504.5
									509