International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Permian of Western Europe | North American Land Mammal Ages | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China | European Faunal Units | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | ||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | |||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | 0.0117 | |||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | |||||||||
| Chibanian | 0.129 | |||||||||
| Irvingtonian | Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | ||||||||
| Calabrian | 0.774 | |||||||||
| Blancan | Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | ||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Villanyian | 2.58 | ||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||
| Hemphillian | Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | 5.333 | |||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||
| Clarendonian | Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||
| Serravallian | Astaracian | 11.63 | ||||||||
| Barstovian | late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | 15.98 | ||||||||
| Hemingfordian | Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||
| Arikareean | late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | 18.5 | |||||||
| Agenian | 20 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 23.03 | |||||||
| Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | |||||||||
| Geringian | 24.7 * | |||||||||
| Rupelian | 27.82 | |||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | |||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Chadronian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | |||||||||
| Bartonian | 37.71 | |||||||||
| Uintan | Late Uintan/Early Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||
| Bridgerian | Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | 46.2 | ||||||||
| Ypresian | 47.8 | |||||||||
| Wasatchian | Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | 50.5 | ||||||||
| Clarkforkian | Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | 54.9 | ||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | 56 | ||||||||
| Tiffanian | Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | 56.2 | ||||||||
| Selandian | 59.2 | |||||||||
| Torrejonian | To3/To2/To1 | 60.9 | ||||||||
| Danian | 61.6 | |||||||||
| Puercan | Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | 63.8 | ||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||
| Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||
| Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||
| Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||
| Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||
| Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||
| Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||
| Aptian | 113 | |||||||||
| Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||
| Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||
| Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||
| Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||
| Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | |||||||
| Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||
| Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||
| Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||
| Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||
| Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||
| Aalenian | 170.9 | |||||||||
| Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||
| Pliensbachian | 184.2 | |||||||||
| Sinemurian | 192.9 | |||||||||
| Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||
| Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | |||||||
| Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||
| Carnian | 227 | |||||||||
| Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | ||||||||
| Anisian | 242 | |||||||||
| Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | ||||||||
| Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||
| Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | 251.902 | |||||||
| Wuchiapingian | Zechstein | 254.14 | ||||||||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | Rotliegendes | 259.51 | |||||||
| Wordian | 264.28 | |||||||||
| Roadian | 266.9 | |||||||||
| Cisuralian | Kungurian | 273.01 | ||||||||
| Artinskian | Autunian | 283.5 | ||||||||
| Sakmarian | 290.1 | |||||||||
| Asselian | 293.52 | |||||||||
| Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | Mapingian † | 298.9 | ||||||
| Kasimovian | 303.7 | |||||||||
| 305.9 | ||||||||||