PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian					Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian					Sarmatian		11.63
				Barstovian					Sarmatian		12.5
									Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
				Hemingfordian							16.3
				Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
				Whitneyan							29.5
				Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian							47.8
				Wasatchian							50.5
				Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian		Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein			Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein			Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes			Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian		264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian			264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian	Autunian					283.5
						Longlinian		285.4 *
					Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian			303.7
					Khamovnikian			304.8
					Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			307
					Podolskian			308.9 *
					Kashirian			311.4 *
					Vereian			313.8
					Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			315.2
					Cheremshanian			316.9 *
					Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian			319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
					Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian			323.2
					Protvian			324.4 *
					Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian		Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	Branchian	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran					514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Montezuman				Placentian	517.1
			Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8