PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
							Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian																	0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian												3
		Zanclean					Waipipian												3.6
							Opoitian												3.7
							Opoitian											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
						Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian																	11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian												13.82
							Clifdenian												15.1
						Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Waitakian												23.03
							Duntroonian												25.2
							Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan															27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan												34.6
							Kaiatan												36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan															37.71
							Bortonian												39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
							Heretaungan												45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian														47.8
							Mangaorapan												48.9
							Mangaorapan											Wasatchian	50.5
							Waipawan											Wasatchian	52
							Waipawan											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan			Teurian											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Gashatan														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata			Haumurian		66
		Campanian				Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara			Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence			Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai			Korangan		108.4
		Aptian				Korangan		113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
		Roadian							Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Autunian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju				Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
							Viru				Rakvere					450.6 *
						Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian									Keila		Idavere †		453
											Keila			Actonian †	453.2 *
			Haljala								453.9			Actonian †
											Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †				455.2 *
			Kukruse												456.4 *
						Aurelucian									456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
			Uhaku								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku			Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
			Lasnamagi												458.9 *
			Aseri												460.4 *
			Aseri								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland				Kunda								462.9 *
							Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
						Arenig					Fennian					468.4 *
							Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
											Whitlandian					471.1 *
							Hunneberg				Whitlandian					473.7 *
											Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc					Migneintian					477.7
											Cressagian					480.8 *
							Varangu									481.3 *
							Pakerort									482.2 *
																485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																			538.8