PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of Western Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian						0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan						0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean						2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan						3.6
										Montehermosan						3.7 *
										Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
										Chasicoan						7.9 *
										Mayoan						9.9 *
										Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan						11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian						Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian						15.98
										Santacrucian						16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian						20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican						33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan						41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan						47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican						56
										Itaboraian						56.9 *
										Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan						62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan									150
							Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian			Temaikan									164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Zechstein	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Zechstein	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian	266
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian	Autunian		Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean				Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian									Siegen	407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										509
		Series 2	Stage 3										514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400