PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian			Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Leine		264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian				443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8