PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian									Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean												Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian				7.246
													Vallesian				8.7
													Vallesian			Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian									Astaracian			Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian									Astaracian			Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian									Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
													Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
													Agenian				20
				Aquitanian									Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian						100.5
											Middle Albian						106.2 *
											Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian						113
				Aptian							Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
											Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
											Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian							Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian							Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian						174.7
											Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
											Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian							Sevatian						208.5
											Alaunian						213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian		Autunian		Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian					Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3									Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran		Wonokan †									Vendian †	571.7 *	Vendian
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																	1400