PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of Western Europe	Precambrian of Russia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran								0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian										Lujanian			0.129
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
									Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian								0.774
									Nukumaruan								1.63
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian													1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean			2.58
														Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
									Waipipian								3
				Zanclean					Waipipian								3.6
									Opoitian					Montehermosan			3.7 *
									Opoitian					Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian												Pannonian	7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian												Sarmatian	11.63
																Badenian	12.8 *
									Lillburnian								13.05
														Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian													13.82
									Clifdenian								15.1
									Clifdenian					Friasian			15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian													15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
									Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian													20.44
														Deseadan			20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian								23.03
									Duntroonian								25.2
									Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan								34.6
									Runangan					Divisaderan			35.9 *
									Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian													41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
								Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
									Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian													47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
									Mangaorapan								48.9
									Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian					Riochican			56
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
Tiupampan	62.4 *			Danian
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Wordian				Noginskian		264.9 *
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian	Autunian	283.5
			Artinskian				Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian		303.7
							Khamovnikian		304.8
							Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Moscovian				Myachkovian		307
							Podolskian		308.9 *
							Kashirian		311.4 *
							Vereian		313.8
							Melekessian		314.8
			Bashkirian				Melekessian		315.2
							Cheremshanian		316.9 *
							Prikamian		318.6 *
							Severokeltmian		319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
			Visean			Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
Viru							Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †	453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
							Aseri			460.4 *
Oeland							Kunda			462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov	467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen	469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian										635
			Tonian										720
			Tonian									Karatau	800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
			Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
			Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
			Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
																	1400