PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian											0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian											0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
													Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
													Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
		Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
													Opoitian			3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Opoitian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
												Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
													Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
																37
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
													Bortonian			39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Mangaorapan			50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								Waipawan			52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1									60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1									61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	72.1										Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian				443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice					Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dobrotivian	458.5 *
			Oretanian	459.7 *
				Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian								485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian								486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian								489.5
		Paibian	Idamean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan								497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian								499
		Drumian	Undillan								500.5
		Drumian	Floran								503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian								504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian								507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian								509
																510.8 *