PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian				100.5
									Middle Albian				106.2 *
									Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian				113
		Aptian							Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian				139.8
									Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
									Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian				174.7
									Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
									Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian							Sevatian				208.5
									Alaunian				213.2 *
									Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian				227
		Carnian							Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian				237
		Ladinian							Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian				242
									Pelsonian				243.8 *
									Bithynian				244.7 *
									Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian		Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Longtanian †		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian				283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Niuchehean				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Drumian		Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Duyunian					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian					Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian							530.7
													538.8