PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16				Villanyian	2.58
							MN 16				Ruscinian	3.1 *
							MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15					3.6
							MN 14					4.2
							MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13				Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12					7.246
							MN 11					7.75
							MN 10				Vallesian	8.7
							MN 9					9.7
							MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8				Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4				Orleanian	15.98
							MN 3				Orleanian	16.9
							MN 2				Agenian	20
		Aquitanian					MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
												485.4