PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean		Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean		Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean		Early Pliocene								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian									7.246
		Tortonian						Tunggurian	Pannonian									11.1
		Serravallian							Sarmatian	Middle Miocene								11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian						Shanwangian										13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian		Early Miocene								15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan										16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									Wordian		264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian															Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian	Autunian														Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian														Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		290.1													Lenoxian
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian	Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									Tremadocian				477.7
																		485.4