PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
						Planulata									179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
						Kanense									181.3 *
						Carlottense									182.3 *
						Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae									184.2
						Freboldi									185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian					251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein							Dzhulfian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein							Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian		Longtanian †	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes							Midian		Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian								Midian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *							Urzhumian
		Roadian			Kazanian					Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian					Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	Kungurian					Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Kubergandian						Filipovian	276.5 *
				Bolorian						Filipovian	279.8
										Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian	Autunian		Artinskian					Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
				Yakhtashian						Irginian	286
				Yakhtashian						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Asselian					Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
										Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Kuzel	298.9
											Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B			300.9 *
									Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian			307
									Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean							Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian							Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian							Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	489.5
						Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian	Stage 5 †				504.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
							Toyonian					510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian					514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian					521
															525.5