PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	Zechstein				254.14
			Kalabagh					255 *
			Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
			Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb					266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian				283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8