PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian							MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
									MN 14				4.2
									MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian				MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian			Sarmatian				MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian			Badenian				MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian							MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
									MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian							MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian			Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8