PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean										Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian										Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian										Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian										Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian										Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							Midian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							Midian		264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian									Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Autunian								Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian									Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †					Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10					Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian		Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3				Branchian				514
		Stage 3				Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8