PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian											37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian							100.5
						Middle Albian							106.2 *
						Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian							113
		Aptian				Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian							139.8
						Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
						Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Melekhovian		Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein			Buntsandstein		Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes			Midian		Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian						Leine		264.28
				Noginskian						264.9 *
						Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian			273.01
				Pavlovoposadian		Kubergandian			276.8 *
						Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Autunian			Bolorian			283.5
						Yakhtashian			286
				Rusavkinian		Yakhtashian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian				Asselian			293.52
		Asselian				Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian								303.7
				Khamovnikian								304.8
				Khamovnikian							Cantabrian	305 *
				Krevyakinian						Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian								307
				Myachkovian					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Podolskian							Westphalian D	308.9 *
				Podolskian							Westphalian C	309.8
				Kashirian								311.4 *
				Vereian								313.8
				Vereian							Westphalian B	314.6
				Melekessian								314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian								315.2
				Cheremshanian								316.9 *
											Westphalian A	317 *
										Huashibanian		318.5 *
				Prikamian			318.6 *
				Prikamian			Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
				Severokeltmian					Yeadonian		319.9 *
				Severokeltmian					Marsdenian		320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian					Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian					Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
				Voznesenian					Kinderscoutian		321.9 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian					Chokierian	Dewunian	323.2
				Zapaltjubian					Arnsbergian		324 *
				Protvian							324.4 *
				Steshevian							326.8 *
				Steshevian					Pendleian		327.4 *
				Tarusian							329 *
				Tarusian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Venevian			Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9
				Mikhailovian							331.9 *
				Aleksinian							333.7 *
				Aleksinian						Jiusian	335 *
				Tulian							335.8 *
				Tulian			Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
				Bobrikian			Livian		Asbian †		339.9 *
				Bobrikian			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
				Radaevkian			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian			Tangbagouan		Ivorian		346.7
				Kizelian							350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Cherepetian	Hastarian				353.7 *
				Karakubian					354.4 *
				Upinian					356.3 *
				Malevkian					357.6 *
				Gumerovian					358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
													443.8