PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean				Tarantian		0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean				Ionian		0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian				Ionian		0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
							Hemingfordian						16.3
							Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian						47.8
							Wasatchian						50.5
							Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian					Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
													538.8