PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian		Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian		Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4		Late Albian					100.5
						Middle Albian					106.2 *
						Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian					113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian					139.8
						Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
						Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	Late Famennian			358.9
						Middle Famennian			365.3 *
						Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian			Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
						Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
						Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	Late Givetian			382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Devonian 2	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Devonian 1	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Cambrian 2		Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1					529
											538.8