PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean							0.129
						Irvingtonian							0.21
									Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
						Blancan							1.4
									Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian				2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian				3
		Zanclean							Waipipian				3.6
									Opoitian				3.7
						Hemphillian			Opoitian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
						Clarendonian							9.4
								Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
						Barstovian							12.5
									Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian				13.82
									Clifdenian				15.1
								Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
						Hemingfordian							16.3
						Arikareean							18.5
									Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian				23.03
									Duntroonian				25.2
									Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan									27.82
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian							33.9
								Arnold	Runangan				34.6
									Kaiatan				36.7
						Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
									Bortonian				39.1
						Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
									Heretaungan				45.7
						Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian								47.8
									Mangaorapan				48.9
						Wasatchian			Mangaorapan				50.5
						Wasatchian			Waipawan				52
						Clarkforkian			Waipawan				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Clarkforkian			Teurian				56
		Thanetian		Gashatan		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian				Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian							Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian							Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian							Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chesterian	323.2
		Visean							Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			346.7				Osagean
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju				Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †			470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8