PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of Western Europe	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian											Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean											Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian											Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian											Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian											Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian											Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Agenian	20
				Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan									150
							Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian			Temaikan									164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan									176
				Pliensbachian			Ururoan									184.2
				Pliensbachian			Aratauran									188.9
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
				Norian			Warepan									208.5
							Otamitan									217
							Oretian									221
				Carnian			Oretian									227
				Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan									237
				Ladinian			Etalian									238
				Anisian			Etalian									242
				Anisian			Malakovian									246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian									247.2
				Olenekian			Nelsonian									249
				Induan			Nelsonian									251.2
				Induan		DUrville	Makarewan									251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		Makarewan		Meishanian							251.902
							Waiitian		Meishanian							253.2
Baoqingian								253.4 *
Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian				254.14
				Laoshanian			Puruhauan	254.2
				Laibinian			Puruhauan	257.7 *
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Aparima	Flettian	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Leine		Flettian	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Wordian	Leine		Barettian		266
			Roadian					266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
						Telfordian	Longlinian	285.4 *
								288.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
			Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
										300.1
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
										Cantabrian	305 *
											305.9
			Moscovian								307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian					Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian					Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian		Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
	Sandbian		453
			Zahorany †/Vinice										Letna †	456.2 *
			Liben †											458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
			Sarka †											461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †											467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470							Arenigian
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian					Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau				1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan		1375
																1400