PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian			Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian			Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian			Ionian			Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan		3.6
										Montehermosan		3.7 *
										Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan		11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian						Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian		15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican		56
										Itaboraian		56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian						66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic						100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian		Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		323.2
			Visean		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian						Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
												1400