PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian			MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene	MN 15					3.6
					MN 14					4.2
					MN 14	Hemphillian				4.7
					MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene	MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12					7.246
					MN 11					7.75
					MN 10					8.7
					MN 10	Clarendonian				9.4
					MN 9					9.7
					MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene						11.63
						Barstovian				12.5
					MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene	MN 4					15.98
					MN 4	Hemingfordian				16.3
					MN 3	Hemingfordian				16.9
					MN 3	Arikareean				18.5
					MN 2					20
		Aquitanian			MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene						27.82
						Whitneyan				29.5
						Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
						Wasatchian				50.5
						Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian		100.5
								Middle Albian		106.2 *
								Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian				139.8
			Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
			Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller					259.51
		Wordian	Leine					264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8