PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of China				Ordovician of Britain				European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										Lujanian		Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene												Sheridanian				0.129
																Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
														Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene																0.774
																Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									Villanyian	Vorohuean						2.58
													Villanyian	Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
													Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene																3.6
														Montehermosan						3.7 *
														Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
														Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									Turolian							5.333
		Tortonian																	Pannonian	7.246
														Chasicoan						7.9 *
													Vallesian							8.7
																Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
														Mayoan						9.9 *
														Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene									Astaracian						Sarmatian	11.63
																late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
																			Badenian	12.8 *
														Colloncuran					Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian												Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									Orleanian	Friasian						15.98
														Santacrucian						16.2 *
														Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
														Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
																late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
													Agenian							20
		Aquitanian																		20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene																23.03
																	Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																	Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene																27.82
														Tinguirirican						28.9 *
																				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
														Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
																				37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene																37.71
		Bartonian														Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian																		41.2
														Mustersan						41.9 *
																Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene																47.8
														Casamayoran						47.9 *
																Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
																		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
														Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
														Itaboraian						56.9 *
														Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene														To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene																61.6
														Tiupampan						62.4 *
														Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian	Leine		264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian					Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pusgillian	449.5
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
					Guniu †/Hulo				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
					Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian					Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Lianghekou †		Migneintian			477.9 *
									Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
																				485.4