PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian													Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
															Hemingfordian			16.3
															Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
															Whitneyan			29.5
															Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian			47.8
															Wasatchian			50.5
															Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian													Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian												66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic												100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian														Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian															Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian														Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				180.1												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian			Leine		264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan									487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan									489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †				497
		Drumian	Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																		538.8