PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian																		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian																		Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian																		Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian										Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean										Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian										Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian										Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian										Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian										Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian										Agenian									20
		Aquitanian										Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian																		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian																		Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian																		Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian																		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian																		Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian																Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
																		Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																			Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian																	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Toarcian																Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian																	Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian																	Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian																	Warepan		208.5
																			Otamitan		217
																			Oretian		221
		Carnian																	Oretian		227
		Carnian																Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian																	Etalian		238
		Anisian																	Etalian		242
		Anisian																	Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian																	Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2																Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Leine	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
					Cathedralian		Mangapirian		276
					Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Telfordian		286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Nealian				293.52
		Asselian			Nealian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian								Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean							Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian							Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian							Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian										Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian									Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
		Aeronian									Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian									Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian			443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian													453
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
														Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
											Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian								459.7 *
								Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran		514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																					538.8