PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America							Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan			56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
									Planulata										179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
									Kanense										181.3 *
									Carlottense										182.3 *
									Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae										184.2
									Freboldi										185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian																	192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian											259.51
		Wordian	Leine					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian											264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian																Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian																	305.9
		Moscovian																	307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian					443.8
		Katian			Pirgu		Gamachian					445.2
					Pirgu		Richmondian					446 *
					Vormsi		Richmondian					449.6 *
					Vormsi		Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Nabala		Maysvillian						Johvi †	450 *
					Nabala		Edenian							450.4 *
				Viru	Rakvere		Edenian							450.6 *
					Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
					Oandu									452 *
		Sandbian			Keila								Idavere †	453
					Keila		Turinian							453.7 *
					Haljala									453.9
					Kukruse									456.4 *
					Kukruse	Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
					Uhaku								Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku					458.4
					Lasnamagi					458.9 *
					Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
					Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									467.3
							Rangerian				469.1 *
					Billingen		Rangerian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
									Latorp †					470.1 *
					Hunneberg									473.7 *
							Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian	477.7				Tulean
			Stairsian				480.3 *
			Stairsian		Varangu		481.3 *
			Skullrockian		Varangu		Demingian †	482 *
					Pakerort		Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort							485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
																			487.5