PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Britain			Silurian of England	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian				2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian				3
		Zanclean											Waipipian				3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan				7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan				11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian				13.82
													Clifdenian				15.1
												Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian				15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian				23.03
													Duntroonian				25.2
													Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
												Arnold	Runangan				34.6
													Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian				41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
													Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan				47.8
													Mangaorapan				48.9
													Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian				56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian											Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
													Mangaotanean				90.5
													Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan				93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
													Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan				100.5
													Urutawan				103.3
												Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian											Korangan				113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Leine	264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
					Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
					Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
					Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
			Berounian							Streffordian	449.7 *
										Cheneyan	451.5 *
										Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Actonian †		453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Aurelucian						456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
			Dobrotivian													458.5 *
			Oretanian													459.7 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †				467.3
			Arenigian													468
									Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian						470
										Whitlandian						471.1 *
										Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian					Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian								480.8 *
												485 *
																	485.4