PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
										Monroecreekian					23.1 *
										Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Leine	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Pragian	Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan			Ohesaare	419.2
						Cayugan			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran			Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8