PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean										Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian										Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian										Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian										Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian										Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian										Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian										Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian			66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					Gallic			100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian								174.7
					Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian			Sevatian								208.5
					Alaunian								213.2 *
					Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian								227
		Carnian			Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian								237
		Ladinian			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian								242
					Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian	Leine		264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian				Paibian					494
		Paibian				Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian				Drumian				Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian					530.7
													538.8