PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian			Irvingtonian								Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian			Irvingtonian								Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean			Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian			Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian			Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian			Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
							Hemingfordian									16.3
							Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian					Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	27.82
							Whitneyan									29.5
							Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian			Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian			Bridgerian			Bumbanian					Early Eocene	47.8
							Wasatchian									50.5
							Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian								Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian								Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian			Puercan								Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian								66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic								100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian				Neocomian								125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Zechstein	Dzhulfian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Rotliegendes	Midian					259.51
			Wordian	Leine		Midian					264.28
			Wordian	Leine		Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian			Murgabian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian					273.01
			Kungurian			Bolorian					279.8
			Artinskian		Autunian	Bolorian					283.5
			Artinskian			Yakhtashian					286
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian								410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10									487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan									1375
																1400