PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian				Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian				Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian				Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian				Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean				Chapadmalalan					3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian				Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian				Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian				Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian				Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian				Friasian					15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian				Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
				Rupelian				Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian				Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian				Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian				Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian				Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican					56
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
				Danian				Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Leine	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
			Pragian				Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3					Branchian		514
			Stage 3					Placentian		517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400