PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																	Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																	Rancholabrean	0.129
																			Irvingtonian	0.21
							Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian																		0.774
																			Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian													2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian													3
		Zanclean					Waipipian													3.6
							Opoitian													3.7
							Opoitian												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian																		7.246
																			Clarendonian	9.4
						Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian																		11.63
																			Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian													13.82
							Clifdenian													15.1
						Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian																		15.98
																			Hemingfordian	16.3
																			Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian													23.03
							Duntroonian													25.2
							Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian																		27.82
																			Whitneyan	29.5
																			Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan													34.6
							Kaiatan													36.7
																			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		37.71
							Bortonian													39.1
																			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																		41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
							Heretaungan													45.7
																			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
							Mangaorapan													48.9
							Mangaorapan												Wasatchian	50.5
							Waipawan												Wasatchian	52
							Waipawan												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Leine		Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
								Saraninian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Irginian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian		Nealian	293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian						393.3
		Pragian			Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju								Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian											449.3 *
			Vormsi									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Nabala												Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere												450.6 *
				Rakvere									Cheneyan			451.5 *
				Oandu									Cheneyan			452 *
				Oandu									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian		Keila											Idavere †	453
				Keila										Actonian †		453.2 *
				Haljala										Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Kukruse													456.4 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
				Uhaku										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Lasnamagi													458.9 *
				Aseri													460.4 *
				Aseri									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland	Kunda													462.9 *
				Kunda											Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov													Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				467.3
						Arenig						Fennian	468.4 *
				Billingen									469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
													Latorp †				470.1 *
												Whitlandian					471.1 *
				Hunneberg								Whitlandian					473.7 *
												Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc						Migneintian					477.7
												Cressagian					480.8 *
				Varangu													481.3 *
				Pakerort													482.2 *
																	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10															Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																		486.3 *
							486.5
							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																				538.8