PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean														Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean														Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian														Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian														Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian														Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian														Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian														Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan									56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian													174.7
				Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
				Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian		Sevatian													208.5
				Alaunian													213.2 *
				Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian													227
		Carnian		Julian													233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian	Leine				264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Couvinien	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran									Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	514	Dyeran
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																	538.8