PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean						Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean						Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian						Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
									Hemingfordian							16.3
									Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
									Whitneyan							29.5
									Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian							47.8
									Wasatchian							50.5
									Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian							Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				Leine	Wordian				264.28
		Roadian					Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8