PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15									3.6
							MN 14									4.2
							MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
							MN 11									7.75
							MN 10									8.7
							MN 9									9.7
							MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4									15.98
							MN 3									16.9
							MN 2									20
		Aquitanian					MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian			174.7
													Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
													Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
					Griesbachian	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Chhidru		Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian				443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8