PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian														11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian												Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan			56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian													259.51
				Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian													264.28
				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
				Artinskian														283.5
				Sakmarian														290.1
				Asselian													Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Virgilian	298.9
				Kasimovian													Missourian	303.7
				Kasimovian													Desmoinesian	305.9 *
				Moscovian													Desmoinesian	307
				Moscovian													Atokan	312.7 *
				Bashkirian													Atokan	315.2
				Bashkirian													Morrowan	318.4 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian													Chesterian	323.2
Visean				330.9													Chesterian
				Meramecian				335.8 *
				Osagean				343.1 *
Tournaisian				Osagean				346.7
Tournaisian				Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
			Telychian			Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni		443.8
			Katian						Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
									Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
									Haljala			453.9
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku			458.4
									Lasnamagi			458.9 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
	Hunneberg								473.7 *
	Hunneberg		Tremadocian						477.7
	Varangu						481.3 *
	Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
					486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan			487.5
			Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan			489.5
			Jiangshanian					Steptoean			493 *
			Paibian					Steptoean			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	Marjumian		Albertian †		497
			Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †		Delamaran	509
			Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3										Dyeran	514
													Montezuman	514.8 *
													Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635