PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian												Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian												Ionian	0.129
				Ensenadan													0.3 *
							Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian										0.774
							Nukumaruan										1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean								Tertiary †					2.58
				Chapadmalalan													2.9 *
							Waipipian										3
		Zanclean					Waipipian										3.6
				Montehermosan			Opoitian										3.7 *
				Huayquerian			Opoitian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
				Chasicoan													7.9 *
				Mayoan													9.9 *
				Laventan													10.9 *
						Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan										11.63
							Lillburnian										13.05
				Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
							Clifdenian										15.1
				Friasian			Clifdenian										15.4 *
						Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
				Santacrucian													16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
							Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
				Deseadan													20.9 *
						Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian										23.03
							Duntroonian										25.2
							Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican													28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
						Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Divisaderan			Runangan										35.9 *
							Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan										37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
				Mustersan													41.9 *
						Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
							Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
				Casamayoran													47.9 *
							Mangaorapan										48.9
							Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican			Teurian										56
				Itaboraian													56.9 *
				Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan													62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata		Haumurian		66
		Campanian				Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara		Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence		Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian				Tavgian †					Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5
			Aksaian		490.7 *
			Sakian		492.2 *
					Steptoean									493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †										510 *
			Toyonian									Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian									Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian											521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †										529
																	538.8