International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescalePermo-Triassic Subages of Eastern EuropeNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesCambrian of AustraliaOrdovician of AustraliaSilurian of North AmericaOrdovician of the BalticPaleogene Mammal Ages of AsiaCambrian of North AmericaCarboniferous of North AmericaDevonian of Germany
QuaternaryPleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanian0.0117
Chibanian0.129
Cudahyan/Sappan0.21
Calabrian0.774
Senecan/Rexroadian1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzian2.58
Zanclean3.6
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinian5.333
Tortonian7.246
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
Serravallian11.63
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
Langhian13.82
Burdigalian15.98
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianTabenbulakianHsandagolian23.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
RupelianKekeamuan27.82
29.5
EocenePriabonianLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early ChadronianHouldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian33.9
37
BartonianSharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan37.71
Late Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
YpresianBumbanian47.8
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
Cf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetianGashatan56
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
Selandian59.2
To3/To2/To160.9
Danian61.6
Pu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekianVokhmian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
WuchiapingianLate Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian254.14
GuadalupianCapitanianLate Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian259.51
WordianLate Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian264.28
RoadianLate Kazanian/Early Kazanian266.9
CisuralianKungurian273.01
Artinskian283.5
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianBursumian †293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelianVirgilian298.9
KasimovianMissourian303.7
Desmoinesian305.9 *
Moscovian307
Atokan312.7 *
Bashkirian315.2
Morrowan318.4 *
MississippianSerpukhovianChesterian323.2
Visean330.9
Meramecian335.8 *
Osagean343.1 *
Tournaisian346.7
Kinderhookian351.9 *
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianWocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden358.9
FrasnianAdorf372.2
Middle DevonianGivetianGivetian382.7
EifelianEifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsianEmsian393.3
PragianSiegen407.6
LochkovianGedinnine410.8
SilurianPridoliCayugan419.2
Niagaran422.5 *
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerianLockportian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychianOntarian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Alexandrian438.7 *
MedinanClinton440.1 *
440.7 *
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianBolindianHarjuPorkuni443.8
KatianPirgu445.2
Eastonian449 *
Vormsi449.6 *
NabalaJohvi †450 *
ViruRakvere450.6 *
GisbornianOandu452 *
SandbianKeilaIdavere †453
Haljala453.9
Kukruse456.4 *
UhakuAluoja †457.5 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianDarriwilian458.4
Lasnamagi458.9 *
Aseri460.4 *
OelandKunda462.9 *
Valaste †/Hunderum464.3 *
VolkhovLangevoja †/Vaana/Saka467.1 *
DapingianYapeenian467.3
Castlemainian468.5 *
Billingen469.3 *
Early OrdovicianFloianChewtonian470
Latorp †470.1 *
Bendigonian471.8 *
Lancefieldian473.5 *
Hunneberg473.7 *
Tremadocian477.7
Varangu481.3 *
Pakerort482.2 *
Warendian482.8 *
CambrianFurongianStage 10DatsonianFranconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan485.4
486.3 *
486.5
Payntonian486.8 *
Sunwaptan487.5
JiangshanianIverian489.5
Steptoean493 *
PaibianIdamean494
MiaolingianGuzhangianMindyallanMarjumianAlbertian †497
Boomerangian499
DrumianUndillan500.5
Floran503
WuliuanTempletonianTopazan504.5
Delamaran506.5
Ordian507.8 *
Series 2Stage 4Waucoban †509
510.8 *
Dyeran511 *
Stage 3514
Montezuman514.8 *
Begadean519.9 *
TerreneuvianStage 2521
Fortunian529
538.8