PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean							0.129
				Irvingtonian							0.21
						Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
				Blancan							1.4
						Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian					3
		Zanclean				Waipipian					3.6
						Opoitian					3.7
				Hemphillian		Opoitian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
				Clarendonian							9.4
					Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
				Barstovian							12.5
						Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian					13.82
						Clifdenian					15.1
					Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
				Hemingfordian							16.3
				Arikareean							18.5
						Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian					23.03
						Duntroonian					25.2
						Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
				Whitneyan							29.5
				Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian							33.9
					Arnold	Runangan					34.6
						Kaiatan					36.7
				Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian									37.71
						Bortonian					39.1
				Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
						Heretaungan					45.7
				Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
						Mangaorapan					48.9
				Wasatchian		Mangaorapan					50.5
				Wasatchian		Waipawan					52
				Clarkforkian		Waipawan					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian		Teurian					56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian		Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian				443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian							458.5 *
			Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
											485.4