PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian								Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian								Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian								Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian								Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
					Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						489.5
							Steptoean	493 *
					Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran			514
						Montezuman			514.8 *
						Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
						Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8