PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Britain		Devonian of France
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan									56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian										259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian										264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian											393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Pragian										Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian										Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan		445.2
					Cautleyan		448.9 *
					Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		Branchian	509
		Stage 3						Nangaoian		Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Nangaoian		Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian			530.7
													538.8