PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean		Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean		Yushean		Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean		Baodean		Early Pliocene								4.9
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian			Pannonian									7.246
				Tortonian		Tunggurian	Pannonian									11.1
				Serravallian			Sarmatian	Middle Miocene								11.63
				Serravallian			Badenian									12.8 *
				Langhian		Shanwangian										13.82
				Burdigalian		Shanwangian		Early Miocene								15.98
				Burdigalian		Xiejiaan										16.9
				Aquitanian		Xiejiaan										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene								33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene								56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									Capitanian		259.51
				Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									Wordian		264.28
				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									Roadian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
Hessian				Kungurian					281.9 *
Hessian				Artinskian					283.5
Wolfcampian				Artinskian					Lenoxian	286.1 *
				Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
				Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
			Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
								Sarka †				461.7 *
			Dapingian					Klabava †				467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
		Orosirian											1800
		Rhyacian											2050
		Siderian											2300
Archean	Neoarchean												2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
																4600