PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of France
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian									2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian									3.1 *
		Zanclean		Ruscinian									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian									5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian		Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian		Astaracian									11.63
		Langhian		Astaracian									13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian									15.98
		Burdigalian		Agenian									20
		Aquitanian		Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian										259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian										264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian											305.9
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Pragian				Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
								Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
									Actonian †		453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian				470
								Whitlandian				471.1 *
								Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
		Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
													485 *