PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian									2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian									3.1 *
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian									5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian									7.246
						Vallesian									8.7
						Vallesian					Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian		Astaracian					Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian									15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
						Agenian									20
				Aquitanian		Agenian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian									Kekeamuan		27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian							Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
			Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian			257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan			259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian			264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian			273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian			283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian			285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian			290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian			298.9
			Gzhelian					300.1
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian		443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian			Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian	509
			Stage 3							Branchian	514
			Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635