PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian				Bumbanian							Heretaungan	47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan								Teurian	56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan	100.5
													Urutawan	103.3
												Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian											Korangan	113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Laoshanian	254.14
							Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
							Laibinian		Vyatkian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Severodvinian		Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Urzhumian		Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian		273.01
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
								Sarginian	Longlinian		285.4 *
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian		293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian										300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8