PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian							Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian				47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian							Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
			Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
						Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †		St Davids					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5							Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai							509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †							Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †							Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635