PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Australia	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of China			Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian												Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
				Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
				Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
				Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian												Tongaporutuan		7.246
				Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian												Waiauan		11.63
				Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian												Altonian		15.98
				Burdigalian												Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
				Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
				Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
				Lutetian												Bortonian		41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
				Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
																Waipawan		52
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian		66
				Campanian												Haumurian		72.1
				Santonian												Piripauan		83.6
				Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
																Mangaotanean		90.5
																Arowhanan		93.7
				Cenomanian												Arowhanan		93.9
															Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
																Motuan		99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan		100.5
																Urutawan		103.3
															Taitai	Korangan		108.4
				Aptian												Korangan		113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
			Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Pragian					Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian								Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian				485.4
			Stage 10								Payntonian				486.8 *
			Jiangshanian	Iverian							489.5
			Paibian	Idamean							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan							497
				Mindyallan							Arcadian				498.4
				Boomerangian											499
			Drumian	Undillan											500.5
			Drumian	Floran											503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian											504.5
			Wuliuan	Ordian											507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian							Branchian				509
			Stage 4												510.8 *
			Stage 3												514
			Stage 3								Placentian				517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian													Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau		1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan		1375
																		1400